Astm D95 Pdf =link= -

I can’t provide a direct PDF copy of ASTM D95 due to copyright restrictions. However, I can give you a detailed summary of the standard, which you can use for reference or study.

Principle

• A weighed or measured sample is mixed with a reagent (commonly a bit of solvent such as xylene, toluene, or other specified solvent) and distilled in apparatus designed to separate water from hydrocarbons.
• Water vapor is carried by the distillate into a calibrated receiver or a trap containing an immiscible liquid; collected water volume or weight is measured.
• Water content is calculated from the collected quantity relative to sample mass or volume and reported per the standard’s formula.

Calculation

[ \textWater content (vol%) = \fracV_wV_s \times 100 ] Astm D95 Pdf

• (V_w) = volume of water in receiver (mL)
• (V_s) = volume of sample (mL)

ASTM D95 vs. Other Water Test Methods

| Method | Best For | Range | Advantages | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | ASTM D95 | Free water and emulsified water | 0.1 – 25% | Direct measurement, no calibration needed | | ASTM D6304 (Karl Fischer) | Dissolved water | 0 – 1% | High accuracy for low water content | | ASTM D4006 | Crude oil only | 0 – 25% | Similar to D95 but specific to crude | I can’t provide a direct PDF copy of

Note: ASTM D4006 is technically identical in principle to D95 but applies only to crude oil. For most petroleum products, D95 is the broader standard. Principle

4. Apparatus

The apparatus required for ASTM D95 is distinct and specialized, typically consisting of:

1. Glass Distillation Flask: Usually a round-bottom flask made of heat-resistant glass (often Corning Pyrex or equivalent) to withstand thermal shock.
2. Condenser: A water-cooled condenser with a specific length and inner diameter to ensure complete condensation of vapors.
3. Receiver (Trap): A specially calibrated glass vessel designed to collect the distillate. It features a graduated tube at the bottom to measure the volume of water. The geometry ensures that the lighter solvent returns to the flask while the water is retained.
4. Heating Source: An electric heater or Bunsen burner capable of providing controlled heat.
5. Solvent: A water-immiscible solvent such as xylene or toluene.

Procedure (Generalized)

1. Clean and dry the apparatus; assemble the distillation setup ensuring tight joints.
2. Weigh an empty distillation flask; add the specified mass of solvent and record mass.
3. Add a measured mass of sample to the flask; note the combined mass to determine sample mass by difference.
4. Begin heating to initiate distillation; adjust heat to maintain steady distillation rate while avoiding violent boiling.
5. Collect the distillate until the prescribed volume or until no further water appears in the receiver as indicated by phase separation.
6. Allow the condensate to settle and separate; record the volume or mass of aqueous layer.
7. If necessary, rinse the receiver with a small volume of solvent, collect rinses, and include in water determination.
8. Calculate percent water as (mass or volume of water recovered)/(mass of original sample) × 100, applying density corrections if volume measurement used.

Limitations

• Cannot measure dissolved water below ~0.05% accurately.
• Emulsions or very viscous samples require dilution.
• Some solvents (toluene) are toxic – use under fume hood.