Dangdut Makassar is more than just music; it is a vital lens through which the social issues and cultural identity of South Sulawesi are articulated and negotiated. In the city of Makassar, this genre blends national popularity with deep-rooted regional values, reflecting the daily struggles and aspirations of the local community. Cultural Identity and Hybridity
Distinctive Regional Identity: While dangdut is a national phenomenon, Dangdut Makassar maintains a unique character by integrating local melodic contours and rhythmic variations.
Multicultural Fusion: As a hub for the Bugis, Makassar, Toraja, and Mandar ethnic groups, the music acts as a "common language" that bridges diverse backgrounds through shared entertainment.
Siri’ na Pacce: Modern dangdut in Makassar often exists in tension with traditional values like siri’ na pacce (honor and dignity). This creates a dialogue between the preservation of ancestral character and the pressures of globalization. Social Issues and Commentary
This paper provides an overview of the "mesum" (obscene) controversy surrounding dangdut in
, specifically focusing on the local subculture known as Candoleng-doleng.
Paper Outline: The "Candoleng-doleng" Controversy in Makassar 1. Introduction: The Cultural Phenomenon
Dangdut in South Sulawesi, particularly in the Makassar and Bugis regions, has evolved into a unique local subculture often referred to as Candoleng-doleng. While traditional dangdut focuses on rhythm and melody, this subculture is characterized by highly erotic performances where female dancers interact closely with a male audience in exchange for money (saweran). 2. The Nature of the Controversy
The term "mesum" (obscene) is frequently applied to these performances by religious groups, local government officials, and social activists. Key points of contention include:
Physical Eroticism: Dancers often perform provocative movements that are viewed as crossing the line into "pornoaksi" (pornographic action).
Social Morality: Critics argue these shows damage the social fabric and religious values of Makassar, leading to debates over public decency.
Exploitation: Sociological analyses often view these performances as a form of female exploitation, where women’s bodies are reduced to objects of male consumption. 3. Recent Incidents & Public Reaction
While "Candoleng-doleng" is a long-standing tradition, recent digital trends have amplified the "mesum" label:
Live Streaming Scandals: There have been increasing reports of individuals (including local officials) being criticized or arrested for "mesum" behavior during live TikTok streams in South Sulawesi.
W Super Club Protest: In 2024, the opening of a high-end nightlife venue in Makassar sparked massive protests due to fears that it would formalize and spread "amoral" entertainment cultures like erotic dangdut. 4. Impact on Society
The persistence of these "mesum" associations has several effects:
Social Disintegration: The presence of such entertainment often creates a divide between those who see it as "marginal folk entertainment" and those who view it as a moral threat.
Stigmatization of Dangdut: The broader genre of dangdut occasionally suffers a "low-class" or "vulgar" stigma due to these extreme local variations. 5. Conclusion
The "dangdut makasar mesum" issue is more than just a musical preference; it is a clash between modern entertainment, local traditions, and conservative moral standards. While it remains a popular form of entertainment for some, it continues to face heavy surveillance and criticism from those seeking to uphold regional cultural values.
Dangdut Makassar is a localized evolution of Indonesia's most popular music genre, serving as a powerful medium for negotiating identity, social issues, and cultural values. While "national" dangdut has historical roots in Malay, Indian, and Arabic sounds, the Makassar scene distinguishes itself by integrating traditional South Sulawesian elements like sinrilik (storytelling), gandrang (percussion), and kacaping (lute). Cultural Identity and Values dangdut makasar mesum
Dangdut in Makassar is deeply intertwined with local concepts that define daily life in the region:
Siri’ (Shame/Honor): Lyrics often revolve around the concept of siri’, a core Makassar value regarding personal and family dignity.
Local Realities: Songs frequently touch on coastal imagery, work ethics, and the resilience of the local people.
Language as Power: By performing in the Makassar language rather than standard Indonesian, artists assert a "powerfully local" identity that bridges regional gaps. Social Issues and Stigma
Despite its popularity, the genre remains a site of social tension:
Class and Status: Historically dismissed as "music for the lower classes," dangdut is increasingly embraced by middle and elite audiences through modern fusions like pop and hip-hop.
Gender and Morality: Female performers often face a "bad stigma" and sexual harassment, as their performances are sometimes viewed through a lens of vulgarity versus traditional womanhood.
Social Commentary: Since the era of Rhoma Irama, dangdut has been used to address serious issues such as human rights, gambling, and drug abuse. Modern Evolution The genre is currently undergoing a "Gen Z" revitalization:
Digital Platforms: Modern artists like Tenxi have turned dangdut into TikTok sensations, removing the social stigma once attached to the music.
Institutional Support: The Makassar Arts Council (DKM) plays a role in organizing cultural activities that include music, helping to maintain a dynamic art scene in the face of modernization. Dangdut | Indonesian Pop Genre & Cultural Phenomenon
A former rock musician, he was largely responsible for reworking the dangdut sound through the addition of synthesizers, drum set, Britannica
While "Dangdut" is a beloved national genre known for its rhythmic beats and expressive dance, the specific sub-trend involving "mesum" (obscene or suggestive) performances often refers to viral videos or underground stage shows in the South Sulawesi region that spark significant local debate. Key Aspects of the Phenomenon
Cultural Paradox: Dangdut is often called the "Music of the Country" (Musik Rakyat). In Makassar and surrounding areas, it is a staple at weddings and community festivals. However, when performances incorporate suggestive choreography or "erotic" costumes, they collide with the region's strong Islamic values and traditional "Siri' na Pacce" (dignity and honor) philosophy.
The Power of Social Media: Most of the notoriety around this topic comes from amateur recordings uploaded to platforms like YouTube or TikTok. These clips often go viral not just for the music, but for the controversy they stir, leading to a cycle of "public outrage vs. high viewership."
Legal and Social Crackdowns: Local authorities and religious groups in Makassar frequently monitor these events. This has led to:
Strict Permitting: New regulations often require performers to sign "decency pledges."
Public Raids: Periodic interventions by the Satpol PP (Public Order Agency) to shut down shows deemed too provocative.
Economic Drivers: For many local singers (biduan), performing with higher energy or more "daring" styles can lead to higher tips (saweran) from the audience, creating an economic incentive that competes with moral expectations. Cultural Reflection
This trend is less about the music itself and more about the modern struggle with digital morality. It reflects a broader Indonesian conversation on where to draw the line between artistic expression, entertainment, and public decency in the age of the smartphone. Dangdut Makassar is more than just music; it
I'm assuming you're referring to a research paper or an academic article about the Dangdut music scene in Makassar, Indonesia, with a focus on its sensual or erotic aspects (mesum).
Here's a potential outline for a research paper on this topic:
Title: "Sensuality and Eroticism in Dangdut Music: A Case Study of Makassar's Dangdut Scene"
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
Some potential sources to cite:
Keep in mind that this is just a rough outline, and you'll need to develop your research question, methodology, and arguments in more detail. Additionally, ensure that your paper adheres to academic standards and guidelines for citations and referencing. Good luck with your research!
While dangdut is a beloved national genre, these specific "mesum" (indecent or lewd) iterations often spark intense public debate regarding morality, cultural preservation, and the law. 1. The Cultural Conflict: Tradition vs. Sensationalism
Makassar, and South Sulawesi in general, has a strong cultural identity rooted in values like
(self-respect and dignity). Critics of "dangdut mesum" argue that these performances: Contradict Local Values
: Many see the suggestive nature of these shows as a violation of religious and traditional norms. Commercialize Sensationalism
: Performers may feel pressured to use "gimmicks" or erotic dancing to stand out in a competitive entertainment market. 2. Legal Implications: The Anti-Pornography Law Indonesia’s Law No. 44 of 2008 on Pornography
, performances that display "erotic movements" or nudity in public can lead to criminal charges. Local authorities in Makassar have occasionally: Issued Bans
: Banning specific performers or limiting the hours of evening parties ( pesta rakyat ) to prevent disorder. Conducted Raids
: Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) officers may shut down events if the content is deemed overly vulgar or if it disturbs public peace. 3. Digital Impact and Viral Scandals Introduce Dangdut music as a popular genre in
The term often surfaces in search results due to "viral" mobile phone recordings. These videos: Spread Rapidly on Social Media
: Low-quality clips from local stages are frequently uploaded to platforms, often with clickbait titles. Risk for Performers
: Recording and distributing these clips can lead to charges under the ITE Law (Information and Electronic Transactions), which penalizes the distribution of "indecent" digital content. 4. The Industry's Defense Supporters or organizers often view it differently: Economic Necessity
: For many local musicians and dancers, these events are a primary source of income. Artistic Expression
: Some argue that the dancing is a form of expression and that "decency" is subjective, though this view is rarely accepted by local conservative leadership.
The phenomenon of "Dangdut Makassar Mesum" remains a point of friction in South Sulawesi. While it highlights the evolving nature of local entertainment, it also serves as a reminder of the strict legal and social boundaries governing public decency in Indonesia. Moving forward, many local leaders advocate for a return to "Dangdut Sopan" (polite dangdut) to ensure the music remains a source of community pride rather than legal controversy. CREEPING CRIMINALISATION - Outright International
Searching for specific reports or incidents under the keyword "dangdut makasar mesum" typically returns results related to broader law enforcement efforts or social controversies involving indecent behavior and the misuse of social media in the region. Recent reports from Makassar often highlight cases involving pornography, secret recordings, or police raids on locations associated with "immoral acts" (mesum). Key Findings & Incidents Misuse of Technology
: In June 2023, a 21-year-old university student in Makassar was arrested for secretly recording female neighbors in a boarding house and using the footage to blackmail and threaten them. This case fell under the Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) Law , carrying potential penalties of up to 6 years in prison. Public Morality Raids : Local authorities, such as the Satpol PP Makassar
, frequently conduct raids (razia) on hotels and guest houses. These operations often result in the apprehension of numerous "unmarried couples" caught in what is locally termed "mesum" activities. Cultural Context of Dangdut
: While dangdut is a celebrated national music genre, it is sometimes associated with local controversies if performances are deemed overly suggestive or "mesum" by conservative standards, leading to social media virality or police intervention. Legal Framework
Individuals involved in producing or distributing content deemed "mesum" (indecent) in Indonesia are typically prosecuted under: UU ITE (Electronic Transactions Law)
: For the distribution of pornographic or defamatory content online. UU Pornografi (Pornography Law)
: For the production, display, or distribution of explicit material. Important Locations in Makassar Recent enforcement and reports have centered around: Tamalanrea District : Site of specific arrests related to digital indecency. Local Accommodation Centers : Frequent targets for morality-focused police raids. legal repercussions of these types of cases in South Sulawesi?
Where Javanese dangdut uses rice-field metaphors, Makassar dangdut uses sea and harbor metaphors:
One of the most fascinating aspects of Dangdut Makassar is its function as a platform for social commentary. In a society where direct confrontation can be frowned upon, music becomes the medium to speak truth to power.
1. Economic Struggle and Migration Many popular songs touch on the theme of merantau (migration). Makassar is a hub where many leave their villages to seek fortune in the city or abroad. The lyrics often mourn the loneliness of being away from home or the harsh reality of returning without success. It validates the struggles of the informal sector workers—pedicab drivers, street vendors, and dockworkers—who form the backbone of the city.
2. Religion and Modernity South Sulawesi is a region with deep Islamic roots. Dangdut Makassar navigates this landscape carefully. Unlike the sometimes risqué performances of Dangdut in Java, the Makassar scene often respects stricter social norms regarding modesty. However, the music remains a point of contention. It represents the tension between traditional religious conservatism and the undeniable human desire for celebration and release. The music is often played during celebrations, acting as a bridge between communal joy and religious observance.
3. Gender Dynamics The female singers of Dangdut Makassar, often charismatic and commanding, challenge traditional gender roles. They stand center stage, controlling the crowd, yet often perform wearing the Hijab. This duality represents the modern Indonesian woman in the region—devout yet professionally active, traditional yet publicly visible.