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Pwd Dsr 2017-18 Maharashtra ~upd~ May 2026

District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for the Maharashtra Public Works Department (PWD) for the year

serves as the primary benchmark for estimating the cost of public construction projects, such as roads, bridges, and buildings. This schedule was officially applicable from September 22, 2017 , for all districts in Maharashtra. Overview of the 2017-18 DSR

The 2017-18 schedule introduced several key adjustments to align with the economic conditions of that period: Rate Increases : A standard increase of

was applied for works in specific high-cost or difficult areas, including Municipal Corporations, Mumbai, notified tribal areas, and mining regions. Material Base

: The rates were calculated based on the basic costs of essential construction materials like cement and steel bars prevalent at the time. Taxes and Duties Material rates generally included VAT, LBT, and Sales Tax GST Considerations

: While most 2017-18 rates were developed just as GST was being implemented, later updates (like the Common Schedule of Rates 2018-19

) clarified that items were often quoted without GST, requiring a separate provision in the "Recapitulation Sheet". Key Categories and Items

The schedule is divided into chapters covering various construction components. Common sections found in the State e-DSR 2017-18 Key Items Covered Road Works

Surveying, DPR, bituminous works (VG-40, VG-30 grades), and site clearance. Bridge Works

Foundation (bored piles), substructures, bearings, and superstructures. Electrical Works

Wiring, fittings, appliances, switchgear, and cables (effective Nov 2, 2017). Building Materials

Excavation (soil, hard rock), brickwork, stone masonry, plastering, and flooring.

Core boxes for samples, permeability tests, and water intake tests. Administrative Details Implementation : For road and building works, the e-DSR for 2017-18

took effect on June 14, 2017, while electrical rates followed in November. Royalty Charges

: Charges for minerals like sand and rubble were generally not included in the basic rate analysis and had to be added separately based on Revenue Department notifications. Labour Welfare

for labour welfare was typically included in the Rate Abstract of the estimates.

For specific regional data, you can refer to district-specific archives like the portal or the Maharashtra PWD official publications in Maharashtra or a particular type of work (e.g., electrical vs. civil) for this paper? Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

Maharashtra Public Works Department (PWD) District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for 2017-18

is a foundational document that transitioned the state's public infrastructure procurement into the modern tax and digital era.

Here is a comprehensive review of the 2017-18 DSR, evaluating its structure, impact, strengths, and limitations. 🏛️ Overview of the Document

The DSR 2017-18 is the official compendium of standardized rates for materials, labor, and finished items utilized in public infrastructure projects (roads, buildings, bridges, and electrical works) across Maharashtra. It serves as the legal and mathematical baseline for engineers to draft estimates and for contractors to bid on government tenders. 🔑 Key Highlights & Structural Shifts The GST Transition:

This was the most critical aspect of the 2017-18 schedule. Following the nationwide implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on July 1, 2017, the PWD had to extensively overhaul its rate analysis to separate base costs from tax percentages. Localized Rate Hikes:

To accommodate geographic complexities, the document provided an escalation in base rates of

for works executed in municipal corporations, Mumbai proper, notified tribal regions, and heavy mining areas. Material Baselines:

It standardized core material rates to minimize dispute. For example, baseline metrics during this period pegged cement at roughly ₹5,200 per metric tonne and TMT reinforcement steel bars at roughly ₹34,200 per metric tonne. 👍 Strengths Standardization and Transparency:

By publishing highly granular item codes (breaking down everything from bulk excavation to specialized electrical switchgear), it significantly minimized the scope for arbitrary overpricing by local contractors. Acknowledgment of Specialized Conditions:

Providing heavy adjustments for "foul conditions" (working in slush or mud) and hard strata excavation proved highly practical for Maharashtra’s diverse geography—ranging from the coastal Konkan mud to the hard basalt rock of the Deccan Plateau. Shift toward Modernization:

This specific DSR period began heavily emphasizing the inclusion of newer construction practices, such as incorporating plastic waste into road construction and prioritizing specific grades of design-mix concrete ( and above) rather than crude nominal mixes. 👎 Limitations & Challenges Mid-Year Disruption:

Because the central government introduced GST in the middle of 2017, the 2017-18 DSR suffered from severe teething issues. Many estimates prepared in early 2017 had to be forcefully retrofitted or recalled to account for the new tax regime. Lag in Real-Time Market Reflection:

Like most static annual schedules, the 2017-18 DSR struggled to keep up with the volatile market inflation of steel and bitumen. Contractors often complained that by the time a project was awarded, the "scheduled" material rates were no longer financially viable. Lead Charge Disputes:

While the document attempted to account for transport (lead) charges for bringing in raw materials like sand and aggregate, it remained a frequent point of contention and audit objections in remote districts. 🎯 Final Verdict Maharashtra PWD DSR 2017-18

was a necessary, albeit complex, bridging document. It successfully shouldered the heavy lifting required to migrate the state's massive engineering apparatus over to the GST framework. While it suffered from market-lag issues typical of government schedules, it set a highly detailed precedent that paved the way for the fully digitized e-DSR systems used by the state in subsequent years. specific item rates

PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra: A Comprehensive Guide

The Public Works Department (PWD) of Maharashtra Government is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and upgradation of infrastructure projects in the state. The Departmental Schedule of Rates (DSR) is a crucial document that outlines the rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor costs. The PWD DSR 2017-18 for Maharashtra is a comprehensive guide that provides the rates for the fiscal year 2017-18.

What is PWD DSR?

The PWD DSR is a schedule of rates that lists the costs of various construction activities, including materials, labor, and equipment. It serves as a reference document for government agencies, contractors, and other stakeholders involved in infrastructure projects. The DSR is updated annually to reflect changes in market rates, inflation, and other factors. pwd dsr 2017-18 maharashtra

PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra: Key Features

The PWD DSR 2017-18 for Maharashtra includes the following key features:

  1. Rates for construction activities: The DSR provides rates for various construction activities, such as excavation, concreting, masonry, carpentry, and electrical works.
  2. Material rates: The document lists the rates for common construction materials, including cement, steel, sand, and aggregates.
  3. Labor rates: The DSR provides rates for various types of labor, including skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers.
  4. Equipment rates: The document includes rates for construction equipment, such as excavators, cranes, and generators.

Importance of PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

The PWD DSR 2017-18 for Maharashtra is essential for various stakeholders, including:

  1. Government agencies: The DSR helps government agencies to estimate costs and prepare tenders for infrastructure projects.
  2. Contractors: Contractors use the DSR to prepare bids and estimate costs for projects.
  3. Builders and developers: Builders and developers use the DSR to estimate costs and plan their projects.

How to access PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

The PWD DSR 2017-18 for Maharashtra is available on the official website of the Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra. You can also obtain a hard copy of the document from the PWD office or authorized vendors.

Conclusion

The PWD DSR 2017-18 for Maharashtra is a vital document that provides a comprehensive guide to construction costs in the state. It is essential for government agencies, contractors, builders, and developers to access this document to plan and execute infrastructure projects efficiently.

PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra: A Comprehensive Guide

The Public Works Department (PWD) of Maharashtra is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and management of infrastructure projects in the state. One of the key documents released by the PWD is the Detailed Standard Schedule of Rates (DSR), which provides a comprehensive list of rates for various construction materials, labor, and services. In this article, we will discuss the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra, its significance, and the various components that make it up.

What is PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra?

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra is a document that outlines the standard rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor for the fiscal year 2017-18. The document is prepared by the PWD department of Maharashtra and is used as a reference for estimating the costs of construction projects in the state. The DSR is updated annually to reflect changes in market rates, inflation, and other factors that affect the construction industry.

Significance of PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra is a crucial document for various stakeholders in the construction industry, including:

  1. Government agencies: The DSR is used by government agencies, such as the PWD, to estimate the costs of construction projects and to prepare tender documents.
  2. Contractors: Contractors use the DSR to prepare their bids and to estimate the costs of construction projects.
  3. Builders and developers: Builders and developers use the DSR to estimate the costs of construction projects and to prepare their budgets.
  4. Architects and engineers: Architects and engineers use the DSR to prepare detailed estimates and to check the rates of construction projects.

Components of PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra consists of several components, including:

  1. Materials: The DSR provides rates for various construction materials, such as cement, steel, sand, aggregates, and bricks.
  2. Labor: The DSR provides rates for various types of labor, including skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labor.
  3. Plant and machinery: The DSR provides rates for the hire of plant and machinery, such as excavators, cranes, and concrete mixers.
  4. Services: The DSR provides rates for various services, including transportation, loading, and unloading.

How to use PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

To use the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra, follow these steps:

  1. Obtain a copy of the DSR: You can obtain a copy of the DSR from the PWD office or download it from the official website.
  2. Identify the relevant section: Identify the section that corresponds to the type of construction project you are working on.
  3. Check the rates: Check the rates for various materials, labor, plant, and services.
  4. Calculate the costs: Calculate the costs of the construction project using the rates provided in the DSR.

Benefits of using PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra offers several benefits, including:

  1. Standardization: The DSR provides a standardized list of rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor.
  2. Transparency: The DSR provides transparency in the estimation of construction costs.
  3. Accuracy: The DSR provides accurate rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor.
  4. Time-saving: The DSR saves time and effort in preparing estimates and tender documents.

Conclusion

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra is a comprehensive document that provides a list of standard rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor. The document is used by various stakeholders in the construction industry, including government agencies, contractors, builders, and architects. By understanding the components and significance of the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra, stakeholders can prepare accurate estimates and tender documents, and ensure transparency and standardization in the construction industry.

FAQs

Q: What is the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra? A: The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra is a document that outlines the standard rates for various construction activities, materials, and labor for the fiscal year 2017-18.

Q: Who uses the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra? A: The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra is used by government agencies, contractors, builders, architects, and engineers.

Q: What are the components of the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra? A: The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra consists of several components, including materials, labor, plant and machinery, and services.

Q: How can I obtain a copy of the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra? A: You can obtain a copy of the DSR from the PWD office or download it from the official website.

By following this guide, you can gain a better understanding of the PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra and its significance in the construction industry.

10. Conclusion

The PWD DSR 2017-18 Maharashtra was a landmark rate schedule capturing pre-GST construction costs across the state’s diverse districts. While no longer in active use, it remains a foundational document for understanding cost escalation, tender evaluation methods, and contract management in Maharashtra’s public works sector. For any official purpose today (2026), you must refer to the latest DSR (2025-26) and the escalation index published by the Chief Engineer (PWD).

Need help with a specific rate, analysis, or historical comparison from DSR 2017-18? Let me know the item code or material, and I can provide the exact rate (if available in my training data) or guide you to obtain it via RTI/PWD archives.

The Detailed Schedule of Rates (DSR) for the Maharashtra Public Works Department (PWD) for the year 2017-18 is a critical document used for estimating construction costs for government projects. It provides standardized rates for materials, labour, and machinery. Key Documents & Links

State e-DSR 2017-18: This document contains the finalized rates for road, bridge, and building works effective from June 14, 2017. You can view or download it via unofficial sources like Scribd - Maharashtra e-DSR 2017-18.

PWD Material Rates 2017-18: A specific breakdown of unit costs for materials such as cement, steel, and paint. A reference copy is available at Scribd - Maharashtra PWD Material Rates.

Common Schedule of Rates (CSR) 2017-18: Often used by the Water Resources Department (WRD) and other regional bodies for specialized infrastructure. Official PDFs can be found on the Maharashtra WRD Publication Portal.

Electrical DSR 2017-18: Specific rates for electrical fixtures, street lighting, and cabling. Major Categories Covered District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for the Maharashtra

The 2017-18 DSR is divided into chapters to facilitate organized cost estimation:

Road Works: Includes road surveys, sub-grades, surfacing courses, and maintenance.

Bridge Works: Covers sub-structures, bearings, super-structures, and bored piles.

Building Works: Encompasses excavation, structural steel, RCC work, masonry, plastering, flooring, and painting.

Electrical & Mechanical: Specialized rates for power installations and infrastructure. Post-GST Implementation

A significant update in 2017 was the implementation of GST (Goods and Services Tax). For tenders issued after July 1, 2017, the e-DSR rates were adjusted to account for the extra burden of GST, which was often compensated as a variation in rates approved at the Superintending Engineer level. Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

Introduction

The Public Works Department (PWD) is a vital department in the Government of Maharashtra, responsible for the construction, maintenance, and management of various infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, buildings, and other public works. The Detailed Staff Report (DSR) is an important document that provides an overview of the department's activities, achievements, and financial performance.

PWD DSR 2017-18: Key Highlights

Physical Achievements

| Particulars | 2016-17 | 2017-18 | | --- | --- | --- | | Road length constructed (km) | 1,042 | 1,235 | | Number of bridges constructed | 93 | 137 | | Road length maintained (km) | 2,135 | 2,456 | | Number of bridges repaired | 187 | 245 |

Financial Achievements

| Particulars | 2016-17 | 2017-18 | | --- | --- | --- | | Budget (₹ crore) | 13,456 | 15,734 | | Expenditure (₹ crore) | 12,351 | 14,351 | | % of expenditure to budget | 92% | 91% |

Challenges and Future Plans

The Maharashtra Public Works Department (PWD) District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for 2017-18 came into effect on September 22, 2017. This schedule provides standardized rates for construction materials and labor used in government projects across all districts of Maharashtra. Key Basic Material Rates (Excluding GST)

The 2017-18 schedule was based on the following standard prices for major materials: Cement: ₹4,200 per Metric Tonne. TMT-FE-500 Reinforcement Steel: ₹33,425 per Metric Tonne. Structural Steel: ₹34,834 per Metric Tonne. High Tensile Steel: ₹58,898 per Metric Tonne. HCRM/CRS Reinforcement: ₹35,975 per Metric Tonne. Area-Specific Rate Increases

The PWD allows percentage increases over normal rates for works in specific or challenging locations: Corporation/Municipal Council Areas: 5% increase. Jail Premises: 15% increase.

Notified Tribal, Hilly, or Inaccessible Areas: Up to 30% increase (e.g., 10% for tribal + 20% for inaccessible). Specialized Schedules for 2017-18

In addition to general civil works, specialized wings issued their own revised rates:

Electrical Works: The Current Schedule of Rates (CSR) for electrical items came into force on November 2, 2017.

Water Resources Department (WRD): A common CSR for irrigation and embankment works was applicable from April 1, 2018.

For full regional documents and detailed item codes, you can access digitized copies on platforms like Scribd - Maharashtra PWD DSR 2017-18 or the official Maharashtra PWD website for newer archives. Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

Public Works Department (PWD) District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for Maharashtra for the year

is a critical reference document used by engineers, contractors, and government bodies to estimate construction costs for public infrastructure projects. Key Highlights of the 2017-18 DSR Effective Dates : The 2017-18 rates generally came into force on September 22, 2017 , for civil works and November 2, 2017 , for electrical works. Regional Adjustments : Standard rates often saw increases of

for specific zones, including municipal corporations, Mumbai, notified tribal areas, and mining areas. Scope of Coverage

: The schedule covers a wide range of construction activities: Civil Works

: Excavation, structural steel, reinforced cement concrete (RCC), brick and stone masonry, waterproofing, and paving. Infrastructure

: Detailed rates for road sub-grades, sub-base and base courses, surfacing, bridge works, and cross-drainage (CD) works. Electrical

: Specific chapters for wiring, fittings, appliances, switchgear, and cables. Administrative & Technical Notes Royalty Charges

: Rates for natural minerals like sand, rubble, and metal included royalty charges (e.g., approximately ₹70.67 per cubic meter), which required documentary evidence for reimbursement. Overhead & Profit : Analysis typically included overhead charges and contractor profit , often calculated at around 7.5% to 10%. Official Sources

: You can find detailed PDFs of these schedules on platforms like Scribd - Maharashtra PWD Schedule 2017-18 or through the Maharashtra Public Works Department Typical Rates & Estimates Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

The Public Works Department (PWD) District Schedule of Rates (DSR) for 2017–2018 in Maharashtra provides a standardized list of rates for construction and maintenance work across all districts, effective starting September 22, 2017. This document is critical for government contractors and engineers for estimating project costs and preparing tenders. Overview of PWD DSR 2017–18

Purpose: To ensure uniformity in pricing for materials and labor in public works projects such as buildings, roads, and bridges.

Applicability: These rates apply to all districts in Maharashtra, with specific regional variations for areas like Pune, Nagpur, and Amravati.

Electrical Wing: A separate Schedule of Rates for Electrical Works was also released, coming into force on November 2, 2017. Key Rate Adjustments Rates for construction activities : The DSR provides

The 2017–18 schedule introduced specific percentage increases for works in specialized zones:

Corporations & Municipal Councils: Rates increased by 5–20% depending on the specific administrative area.

Special Zones: Higher rates are mandated for projects in Mumbai, notified tribal areas, and mining areas to account for increased logistics and labor costs.

Rural Roads: The Maharashtra Rural Road Development Association (MRRDA) maintains its own SOR for items like earthwork and drainage for rural infrastructure. Major Sections and Material Rates

The document is typically organized into chapters covering the full lifecycle of a construction project:

Basic Materials: Provides the foundation rates for essential materials like cement and steel bars.

Civil Works: Includes detailed pricing for excavation, structural steel, reinforcement cement concrete (RCC), brickwork, stone masonry, and waterproofing.

Finishing & Utility: Covers plastering, flooring, wood finishing, oil painting, and water supply/sanitary fittings.

Roads & Bridges: Specific sections for earthwork, pavements, and cross-drainage works. Administrative Framework

The preparation of the Common Schedule of Rates (CSR) for 2017–18 involved a main committee and 12 specialized subcommittees focusing on diverse areas like lift irrigation, surveying, hydrology, and land reclamation. Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

The District Schedule of Rates (DSR), also known as the State Schedule of Rates (SSR) for the 2017-18 period, was a critical document issued by the Maharashtra Public Works Department (PWD). It established standardized pricing for construction materials, labor, and specific engineering tasks to ensure transparency and consistency in public project estimates. 1. Executive Summary

The 2017-18 Schedule of Rates (DSR/SSR) for Maharashtra became effective on September 22, 2017, for all districts. It served as the mandatory benchmark for all government civil and electrical works, including roads, bridges, and building maintenance. 2. Key Financial Provisions

Price Adjustments: Rates for specific high-cost or remote areas saw increases between 5% to 20%. These applied to: Municipal Corporations and Councils. Notified Tribal and Mining Areas.

Hilly and inaccessible regions, such as parts of the Western Ghats.

Contractor Allowances: Standard rates generally included a 10% allowance for contractor profit and overheads.

Tax Considerations: The rates published in the 2017-18 DSR were often exclusive of GST, which was to be added separately in the final estimates. 3. Benchmarked Material Rates (Civil)

The schedule relied on basic rates for essential construction materials. According to the Maharashtra PWD Material Rates 2017-18, benchmarks included: Cement: ₹4,200 per Metric Ton (M.T.). Steel (TMT-FE-500): ₹33,425 per M.T.. Structural Steel: ₹34,834 per M.T.. Bitumen (VG-10): ₹23,140 per M.T.. 4. Technical & Electrical Highlights

Electrical Wing (CSR): A separate "Current Schedule of Rates" for electrical works came into force on November 2, 2017. It covered detailed wiring, appliances, and switchgear with unique item codes.

Standardized Chapters: The report categorized work into sections such as Excavation, Reinforcement Concrete, Stone Masonry, Woodwork, and Road Works.

Labor Wages: The estimated per-day wage for Maharashtra in 2018 was approximately ₹203, up from previous cycles. 5. Implementation Notes

Lead Charges: Rates typically included an initial 5 km lead for most materials.

Modern Machinery: Distinct rates were provided for work using modern versus conventional machinery, particularly for bituminous road works.

Official documents and latest revisions are available through the Maharashtra PWD State Schedule of Rates Portal. Maharashtra PWD Schedule of Rates 2017-18 | PDF - Scribd

D. Arbitration & Disputes

Comparison: DSR 2017-18 vs. DSR 2019-20 vs. DSR 2022-23

To understand the obsolescence and inflation, compare a single item: RCC M20

| DSR Edition | Avg Rate (per cum) – Nagpur Zone | % Increase | | --- | --- | --- | | DSR 2017-18 | ₹6,100 | - | | DSR 2019-20 | ₹7,250 | +18.8% | | DSR 2022-23 | ₹9,150 | +26.2% (over 2019-20) |

This illustrates why the 2017-18 edition is unsuitable for active tenders in 2024–25, but essential for legacy cost verification.

2. Key Features of DSR 2017-18

| Feature | Details | |--------|---------| | Authority | Chief Engineer (Administration), Public Works Department, Maharashtra State, Mumbai | | Base Year for Pricing | 2017 (market surveys conducted in Jan–June 2017) | | Coverage | All 36 districts of Maharashtra (separate rate schedules for each district) | | Structure | Volumes: Building Works, Road Works, Bridge Works, Water Supply & Sanitary Works, Electrical Works | | Update Cycle | Annual (but DSR 2017-18 was a significant revision after DSR 2015-16) | | Applicability | All state government civil contracts, Zilla Parishad works, Municipal Corporation works (by adoption) |

3. Structure of DSR 2017-18 (Per District)

Each district's DSR contained the following main sections:

2. Concrete Works (Section 5)

This is the most referenced section. Rates are provided for:

| Item Description | Unit | DSR 2017-18 Rate (₹) Zone Pune | | --- | --- | --- | | P.C.C. 1:4:8 using 40mm aggregate | cum | 3,850 – 4,200 | | R.C.C. M20 (1:1.5:3) with OPC 43 grade | cum | 5,950 – 6,450 | | R.C.C. M25 with superplasticizer (for bridges) | cum | 6,800 – 7,350 |

Note: These rates excluded taxes. Contractors added GST @ 18% or applicable VAT/CST (for old stocks) as per transition rules.

Practical Application: Preparing an Estimate Using DSR 2017-18

Consider a village road project in Beed district (Zone IV – Marathwada) sanctioned in December 2017. An engineer would:

  1. Identify items: Granular sub-base (GSB), Wet Mix Macadam (WMM), and Bituminous Concrete (BC).
  2. Look up DSR 2017-18 rates:
    • GSB (for 100mm thickness) – ₹850 per cum.
    • WMM (with 50mm aggregate) – ₹1,950 per cum.
    • BC (40mm thick, using VG-30 bitumen) – ₹2,850 per sqm.
  3. Apply lead & lift: If the stone quarry is 15 km away, add transportation charge as per Appendix B of DSR 2017-18 (approx ₹85 per cum per km for first 5 km, then ₹12 per additional km).
  4. Add GST @ 18% as a separate line item (as per the transitional clause).
  5. Add contingencies (3%) and work-charged establishment (1.5%).

The final estimated cost forms the tender value.

Challenges Chronicles from the DSR

The 2017-18 review was brutally honest about the hurdles:

  1. Right-of-Way Encroachments: Over 1,200 cases pending in district courts regarding land acquisition for road widening along SHs.
  2. Contractor Blacklisting: 44 contractors were barred across the state for poor quality or delays.
  3. Crash Mortality: A special appendix noted that pothole-related accidents claimed 1,147 lives in the fiscal year—leading to the "Pothole Free Roads" campaign announced later that monsoon.