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A Guide to Animal Behavior in Veterinary Practice

Recommended Resources

• Books: Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat (Landsberg, Hunthausen, Ackerman)
• Client handouts: American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) behavior guidelines
• Continuing education: Fear Free certification (fearfreepets.com)
• Drug dosing: Plumb’s Veterinary Drugs – Behavior section

Final note: Behavior is not a luxury—it is a vital sign. By treating it with the same rigor as cardiology or neurology, veterinary professionals can prevent euthanasia of otherwise healthy animals and deepen the human-animal bond.

The Rise of the Veterinary Behaviorist

Recognizing the complexity of this field, the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists (ACVB) now certifies specialists (Dip. ACVB). These are not trainers; they are veterinarians with advanced residency training in psychopharmacology, learning theory, and neurobiology.

What a veterinary behaviorist treats:

• Severe separation anxiety (beyond simple training).
• Inter-cat aggression in multi-cat households.
• Compulsive disorders (tail chasing, flank sucking, pica).
• Storm and noise phobias refractory to first-line treatments.

The tool kit includes:

• Psychopharmacology: SSRIs (fluoxetine), TCAs (clomipramine), and benzodiazepines for acute anxiety.
• Behavior modification plans: Counter-conditioning and desensitization protocols.
• Environmental enrichment: Foraging opportunities, three-dimensional space for cats, and sensory stimulation.

The "Fear Free" Revolution: Changing the Clinical Landscape

Perhaps the most tangible evidence of this integration is the Fear Free movement. Initiated by Dr. Marty Becker, this initiative trains veterinarians and technicians to recognize and mitigate fear, anxiety, and stress (FAS) in patients. A Guide to Animal Behavior in Veterinary Practice

Why it matters:

• Physiological Interference: A stressed cat or dog releases cortisol and adrenaline. This skews vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels) and can suppress immune function, leading to inaccurate diagnoses and prolonged recovery.
• Human Safety: Fearful animals bite, scratch, kick, and flee. According to the CDC, over 4.5 million dog bites occur annually in the US, with veterinary professionals experiencing some of the highest occupational bite rates.
• Chronic Condition Exacerbation: Stress worsens diseases like feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Behavioral solutions in practice:

• Low-stress handling: Using towel wraps, "purritos," and avoiding scruffing cats.
• Pharmacologic intervention: Pre-visit gabapentin or trazodone to lower baseline anxiety.
• Environmental modification: Feline pheromone diffusers (Feliway), calming music, and hiding boxes in exam rooms.

The Foundational Link: Stress, Physiology, and Disease

Veterinary science has long acknowledged the role of stress in illness, but behavioral science provides the "how" and "why." In clinical terms, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis governs the stress response. When an animal experiences fear or anxiety—common in a veterinary setting—cortisol levels spike. Chronically elevated cortisol suppresses the immune system, elevates heart rate, and alters gastrointestinal function.

Consider the common case of "stress-induced cystitis" in cats. For years, veterinarians treated the bladder inflammation with antibiotics, only to see recurring infections. By integrating animal behavior principles, the veterinary team now understands that environmental stress (e.g., lack of hiding spaces, conflict with another cat) directly triggers the physiological cascade leading to sterile inflammation. Treating the bladder without modifying the behavior and environment ensures relapse. Books: Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat

This is the core thesis of modern veterinary science: Behavior is a vital sign. Just as temperature, pulse, and respiration indicate physical health, changes in posture, vocalization, and social interaction indicate psychological and physiological distress.

Behavioral Medicine in Production Animals and Conservation

The behavior-veterinary link is not limited to pets. It has massive economic and ecological implications. Final note: Behavior is not a luxury—it is a vital sign

• Dairy and Beef Cattle: Lameness is a leading cause of reduced milk yield. Veterinarians use lying times, stride length, and the "locomotion score" (a behavioral scale) to detect hoof pain early. Additionally, understanding herd hierarchy and flight zones reduces stress during vaccination, leading to better immune response.
• Equine Practice: Stereotypies like crib-biting, weaving, and box-walking are behavioral indicators of poor welfare and gastric ulcers. A vet scoping a horse's stomach must also ask about stall management and social isolation.
• Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: An elephant who refuses to present a foot for a nail trim may have early arthritis. Behavioral training (positive reinforcement) allows keepers and vets to draw blood, perform ultrasounds, and treat wounds without chemical immobilization—saving lives and reducing stress.