The Raft v1.1.01 Beta update represents a pivotal moment for the popular open-world survival game, bridging the gap between the PC and console communities through the introduction of highly anticipated cross-platform capabilities. Released as part of a series of hotfixes and beta branch improvements in early 2026, this version focuses on refining the infrastructure required for seamless multiplayer across PC, Xbox, and PlayStation. Key Features of the v1.1.01 Beta
While the core gameplay remains focused on surviving the endless ocean, expanding your raft, and outsmarting the shark, the v1.1.01 update introduces technical overhauls designed for a smoother, more connected experience.
Cross-Play Integration: The primary focus of the 1.1 series is the addition of cross-play. This allows Steam players to opt into a beta branch to host and join games with friends playing on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S.
In-Game Voice Chat: To facilitate coordination between players on different platforms, the developers introduced an integrated voice chat system. This ensures team communication is possible even without third-party apps like Discord.
Full Controller Support: Anticipating the console launch, the PC version now features full controller support, allowing players to use gamepads with native UI mapping.
Save System Fixes: A critical fix in v1.1.01 addressed a bug where players could lose save files if their world name ended with a period. Patch Notes & Technical Adjustments
According to official records from SteamDB and Steam Community, here are the specific changes found in the v1.1.01 hotfix: Change Description Bug Fix
Fixed save/load issues related to world names ending in a period (.). Social UI The Social UI can now be closed using the Escape (ESC) key. Voice Chat
PlayFab voice chat is now disabled by default for new users to prevent privacy issues. Performance
Optimized various code systems overhauled for cross-play compatibility. How to Access the Raft Beta Branch
Since v1.1.01 was initially released as a beta, players on Steam must manually opt-in to access these features before they hit the main branch: Open your Steam Library and right-click on Raft.
Select Properties and navigate to the Betas tab on the left.
Under "Beta Participation," select 'beta' from the dropdown menu.
Restart Steam to allow the game to download the latest update. Survival in the New Era
For returning players, this update doesn't just mean bug fixes; it represents the "new ocean" experience. Whether you're exploring the lore-heavy islands from The Final Chapter or just trying to keep your raft afloat, the v1.1.01 update ensures your community can stay together regardless of the hardware they own.
Are you planning to host a multiplayer world with friends on different platforms, or are you focusing on a solo survival run? Raft - Steam Community
We’ve just pushed a small but critical update to the Beta Branch to address some of the most persistent bugs reported by the community. As we continue to refine the survival experience, these fixes ensure your journey across the endless ocean remains as smooth (and shark-free as possible) as we can make it.
How to Access the Beta:If you want to test these changes early, head to your Steam Library, right-click Raft, and select Properties. Under the Betas tab, choose "beta" from the dropdown menu. 🛠️ What’s New in 1.1.01?
Keybind Flexibility: You can now officially bind the "ESC" key to your preferred functions, providing more control over your navigation.
Foundation Integrity: Fixed a "game-breaking" bug where holding a throwable anchor while a shark destroyed its supporting foundation would crash the session.
Creative Integrity: Playing in Creative Mode no longer counts toward achievement progress—keep those trophies for the real survivalists!
Water Physics Fix: The "infinite water" exploit (drinking while simultaneously watering plants) has been patched. Nature requires balance!
World Naming: You can now include periods (.) in your world names without the save files appearing "lost" in the menu.
Bed Safety: Removing a bed while another player is sleeping in it will no longer break the game state. 🧭 Navigating the Ocean
While you explore, don't forget to keep your Receiver handy. If you are hunting for lore, the second crucial code can be found at the Radio Tower.
Thank you for your continued feedback and for helping us keep the raft afloat! Update 1.01 - Official Raft Wiki
Let’s face it: Painting your raft was therapeutic until you had to craft 200 units of red dye one at a time. Raft v1.1.01 Beta introduces a queue system for the Paint Mill and Smelter. You can now shift-click to queue up to 50 crafts at once. For mega-raft builders, this is the single best feature since the Engine.
Use this if you are writing about the history of the game or recalling older versions.
Title: Remembering Raft v1.1.01 Beta
Back in the era of v1.1.01 Beta, Raft was still finding its sea legs. This specific version holds a special place in the community's memory as the "turning point" patch. It wasn't about adding flashy new islands or story content; it was the update that solidified the game's foundation. Before this patch, the ocean felt a bit glitchy—seagulls flew backward, and rafts had a habit of drifting apart. v1.1.01 brought the necessary polish that proved the developers were listening. It was the silent hero that made the vast ocean feel just a little bit less lonely and a lot more survivable.
Raft v1.1.01 is a hotfix update for the survival game Raft, primarily released to address stability and connectivity issues following the major v1.1 "Cross-play" update. Key Fixes and Improvements
The v1.1.01 patch focuses on technical refinements to ensure a smoother experience for players across different platforms:
World Naming Fix: Resolved a critical save/load issue that occurred when players named their worlds with a period (.) at the end.
Voice Chat Settings: PlayFab voice chat is now disabled by default for new users. You can manually re-enable it in the Pause Menu under the Social/Lobby UI. UI Enhancements: The Social UI can now be closed by pressing the Escape key. Fixed a scroll issue within the "Load World" menu.
Corrected visual glitches in the chat and crafting menu interfaces.
Connectivity: Improved handling of invalid network messages and fixed common issues when connecting to hosts.
Item Loading: Reverted the way items are loaded to match the system used in version 1.09, which was found to be more stable. Context: The v1.1 Era
This hotfix supports the larger v1.1 update, which introduced cross-play between PC, Xbox Series X/S, and PlayStation 5. This version brought full controller support, in-game voice chat, and significant performance optimizations to the base game. How to Access the Beta Branch
If you are currently on the Beta branch and wish to switch between versions (such as returning to the pre-crossplay v1.09), follow these steps: Open your Steam Library and right-click Raft. Select Properties. Navigate to Game Versions & Betas on the left panel.
Choose your desired branch from the dropdown menu and restart Steam. Patch Notes for Raft - PatchBot
Yes, if: You play multiplayer, build large structures, or suffer from low FPS on the open sea.
No, if: You rely heavily on mods, are in the middle of a hardcore storyline run, or cannot tolerate minor audio bugs.
Raft v1.1.01 Beta represents a maturation of the game. It acknowledges that Raft is no longer a small Early Access project but a staple of the co-op survival genre. By addressing the foundational code, Redbeet Interactive is ensuring that players can continue to drift for years to come.
So, hoist your sail, cook your fish, and patch your game. The ocean just got a little less buggy.
Have you tried Raft v1.1.01 Beta? Share your own experience in the comments below. And remember: always look out for the shark. Raft v1.1.01 Beta
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: The Silent Turning Point in Oceanic Survival
In the long history of Redbeet Interactive’s survival hit, few updates have been as foundational yet understated as Raft v1.1.01 Beta. While major content drops like "The Final Chapter" introduced massive islands and story conclusions, v1.1.01 Beta served as the essential "turning point" patch that stabilized the game's core mechanics during its most critical growth phase. A Foundation Built on Stability
Before the release of v1.1.01 Beta, the ocean survival experience was often marred by technical hurdles. Players frequently reported "inventory desync" and the notorious "falling through the raft" glitch, which could instantly end a promising run. This beta version was the developer's direct answer to these community frustrations. Key technical improvements included:
Inventory Desync Fixes: Resolved bugs where players joining a friend's world would lose their entire inventory or be greeted by a black screen.
Physics Refinement: Addressed the "falling through the raft" glitch, ensuring that the raft felt like a solid, dependable home rather than a fragile platform.
UI and Navigation: Fixed issues with the world-loading UI scroll and visual glitches in the crafting and chat menus. Refining the Survival Loop
Beyond technical stability, v1.1.01 Beta introduced several quality-of-life (QoL) changes that streamlined the day-to-day survival loop. These adjustments were subtle but significantly impacted the game's "feel":
Hunger Balance: In Hard Mode, the hunger decay rate was tweaked to better balance the survival challenge for veteran players.
Creative Mode Integrity: Achievements were adjusted so that progress would no longer count while playing in Creative Mode, preserving the challenge for survival enthusiasts.
Input Flexibility: One of the most requested features—the ability to bind the ESC key to different actions—was finally implemented. The Legacy of the Beta Branch
The v1.1.01 Beta was part of a larger strategy by the developers to "stress test" new features before pushing them to the default branch. This particular era saw the testing of critical infrastructure like PlayFab voice chat and early foundations for cross-play, which would later become staples of the full release. Feature Category Major Changes in v1.1.01 Beta Bug Fixes
Resolved world-saving issues related to special characters (e.g., "." in world names). Gameplay
Fixed "water duplication" bugs where players could drink and water plants simultaneously. Visuals Fixed a bug where rain was visible underwater. Systems
Restored item loading logic to the more stable version 1.09 method.
For many "Rafters," v1.1.01 Beta represents the moment the game transitioned from a promising student project into a polished, professional survival experience. It was the update that proved the developers were not just adding content, but were deeply committed to the game's long-term stability.
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: What's New and Exciting
We're thrilled to announce the release of Raft v1.1.01 Beta, the latest update to our popular survival game. This beta version marks a significant milestone in our journey to create a more immersive, engaging, and challenging experience for our players.
Key Changes and Improvements
In this update, we've focused on polishing the gameplay, fixing bugs, and adding new features to enhance your Raft experience. Here are some of the key changes:
New Features
In addition to the improvements mentioned above, we've introduced some exciting new features:
Get Ready to Set Sail (Again)
Raft v1.1.01 Beta is now available for download on [insert platforms, e.g., Steam, GOG, etc.]. As with any beta release, we encourage you to report any issues or bugs you encounter, as your feedback is invaluable in helping us shape the final version of the game.
Join the Community
We invite you to share your thoughts, feedback, and experiences with the Raft community. Join our forums, social media channels, or in-game communities to discuss the update, share tips, and connect with fellow players.
Thank You
We're grateful for your continued support and enthusiasm for Raft. Your passion and feedback have been instrumental in helping us create a better game, and we're excited to see what you think of this latest update.
Happy sailing, and we'll see you on the high seas!
Known Issues
Future Plans
We're committed to continuing to update and expand Raft with new features, content, and challenges. Stay tuned for future updates, and don't hesitate to share your ideas and suggestions with us.
The update report for Raft v1.1.01 (released in March 2026) highlights the official launch of cross-play functionality on the default branch Update Highlights Cross-play Integration
: Players can now survive together across different platforms. Previously, this feature was restricted to the 1.09_precrossplayupdate beta branch. : Addressed an issue where the Rhino Shark
would disappear at Varuna Point and fixed a bug where removing the Rhino Shark trophy would destroy adjacent blocks. Technical Stability
: Resolved a random disappearing engine bug and fixed visual issues for the character Rouhi. Steam Community Recent Beta Branch History Since early 2026, the developers at Redbeet Interactive
have used the beta branch to test several incremental improvements: v1.1.08 (Latest Beta) : Recent testing of stability for upcoming features. : Initial post-crossplay tweaks. How to Access Beta Versions
If you wish to test future "Beta" updates before they hit the main branch: Steam Library and right-click on Properties from the dropdown menu. Restart Steam to trigger the update. Steam Community
Title: The Patch Notes of God
Log Entry: Day 847
Raft Version: 1.1.01 Beta
Build Date: Unknown
Status: Drifting
My name is Dr. Aris Thorne. Once, I was a computational oceanographer. Now, I am the sole QA tester for the most important software patch in human history, and I am fairly certain it is trying to kill me.
The Raft is not a boat. It is a four-meter square of lashed-together plastic barrels and decaying plywood, crowned with a single, rain-fouled solar panel. In the center, bolted to the floorboards, is the Terminal—a waterlogged tablet encased in a salvaged lunchbox. It runs the Beta.
The backstory is simple, which makes it cruel. Climate collapse triggered a mass extinction event called the "Great Dilution." The oceans rose, the ice melted, and humanity retreated to floating arcologies. But a software glitch—a rounding error in the global current-prediction AI—sent thousands of emergency rafts into a permanent loop in the South Pacific Gyre. We are the forgotten. The 1%. The Beta testers for a fix that was never finalized.
The update, v1.1.01, arrived three months ago via a satellite burst that lasted exactly 11 seconds. The patch notes were three lines long:
Raft v1.1.01 Beta
Fixed: Current drift algorithm now accounts for thermohaline circulation anomalies.
Added: Dynamic weather seed (revised).
Added: One (1) environmental variable. Unlock condition: survive. The Raft v1
No further explanation. No hotfix. Just me, the endless blue, and a tablet that glows faintly in the dark.
For the first month, nothing changed. The same sun, the same circling gulls, the same empty horizon. I survived on collected rain and the occasional plastic bottle that held a desiccated protein wafer. I talked to the Terminal. I cursed the developers. I wrote long, angry bug reports that would never be sent.
Then, on Day 62, the sky broke.
Not figuratively. The clouds began to grow in fractal patterns—perfect Mandelbrot sets of cumulonimbus. Rain fell in geometric sheets, diagonal and impossible. The wind came from four directions at once. I clung to the mast (a snapped hockey stick duct-taped to a barrel) and watched the ocean fold. Waves crashed against themselves, canceling out in perfect silence. The temperature swung from tropical to subarctic in thirty seconds.
The Beta had activated the "one environmental variable."
I learned quickly: the variable is memory. The Raft does not just drift through space; it drifts through time—or at least, through the echo of every shipwreck, every storm, every sailor's dying prayer that ever soaked into the Pacific. When the algorithm cycles, I see things.
On Day 78, I saw a 19th-century whaler, its crew fossilized in salt, still hauling ropes that led nowhere. On Day 112, I floated through the ghost of a WWII naval battle—no ships, just the sounds of sonar pings and men screaming in Japanese and English. On Day 203, I watched a luxury cruise liner from 2029, its decks empty, its buffet still steaming, as if the passengers had simply evaporated mid-dessert.
The Terminal logs everything. It calls these "localized historical current anomalies." I call them hellos from the drowned.
But v1.1.01 is not finished. It is a Beta, and Betas have bugs.
The worst bug appeared on Day 401. I woke up to find a second Raft beside mine. On it sat a man who looked exactly like me, except he was missing his left hand. He didn't speak. He just pointed east, then west, then north, then south—every direction except the one I was facing. I screamed at him until he dissolved into brine. The Terminal flashed: ERROR: Duplicate instance culled. Memory leak suspected.
That's when I realized the truth. The "environmental variable" isn't a weather system. It's me. The Beta is using my consciousness as a processing core. Every fear, every memory, every forgotten childhood nightmare—the algorithm renders it into the waves. The Raft is not a survival simulator. It is a debugging tool. And I am the crash report.
By Day 600, I had stopped trying to escape. I had become something else: a chronicler. I wrote a bestiary of the Beta's creatures. The Hollow Gulls—birds with no insides, just empty shells that screamed my mother's maiden name. The Tide of Regret—a black slick that rose at midnight and whispered every lie I'd ever told. The Compass Fish—silver eels that swam in perfect circles, pointing only to places that no longer existed.
And the Patch.
It came on Day 847, just now, as I write this. A single line of text on the Terminal, glowing brighter than the sun:
Update available: Raft v1.1.02 Alpha.
Changelog: Removed her. Added silence. Recompiled hope.
Install? Y/N
I stared at the cursor for an hour. My finger hovered over the salt-crusted screen. Removed her. My daughter. Lily. She was five when the Great Dilution began. I put her on an arcology transport. The transport was lost in the Gyre. The Beta has been rendering her laughter from the waves every morning at dawn—a bug, a memory leak, a beautiful glitch. If I update, she disappears.
But if I don't, the drift continues. The storms grow worse. The duplicate versions of myself will keep spawning, each one missing a different piece, each one pointing to a different horizon.
So here is my final bug report for Raft v1.1.01 Beta:
Issue: The ocean remembers everything.
Severity: Critical.
Reproduction steps: Be born. Love someone. Lose them. Float.
Expected result: A patch that fixes the heart.
Actual result: A cursor blinking. Y/N.
I press Y.
The screen goes dark. The waves go silent. The Beta uninstalls itself from the world, and for the first time in 847 days, I hear nothing but water and wind. No ghosts. No duplicate hands pointing. No Lily laughing.
I am alone on a Raft with a dead tablet.
The horizon is empty.
And for the first time, that's not a bug. It's the final feature.
End of Log.
Raft v1.1.01 Beta — End of Life.
Based on the version number format and the terminology used, this appears to refer to the early access development cycle of Raft (by Redbeet Interactive) around late 2018.
There is no officially archived changelog specifically labeled "v1.1.01 Beta" on the public Steam news hub (versions from that era were typically large updates like v1.04 or v1.05). However, based on the timeline of the game's "Beta" phase (post-Itch.io, pre-Full Release), here is the context of what that version likely represents:
Lease-based Linearizable Reads (without Log Writes)
Vulmon
no-op commit).election timeout / 2.ReadIndexWithLease fallback for safety.Asynchronous Snapshot Streaming
InstallSnapshotStream.
Leader Transfer with Priority
TransferLeadership(id, priority) API.High: immediate handoff (transfer leadership, target catches up).Normal: waits for target to be up-to-date, then switches.Low: only if target is already fully caught up.Quick summary
Why this matters
Actionable guidance
Suggested message template for your team or issue reports
One-sentence TL;DR
For those following the recent development of Version 1.1 update (recently moved to the default branch) is the most significant milestone for the title in 2026. This update introduces full cross-play support, allowing players on different platforms to sail together seamlessly. Key Update Highlights: Version 1.1 Cross-play Integration
: Players on the default branch can now join friends regardless of their platform. Controller Support
: Full native controller support has been added, improving the experience for handheld and console-style play. Communication Tools
: In-game voice chat is now available, making coordination on the open seas much easier. Quality of Life
: The update includes optimized performance and numerous bug fixes to stabilize the late-game experience.
If you are looking for a deep dive or a retrospective on the game's journey from its early beta days to this latest release, you can find detailed developer insights and community discussions on the following platforms: Raft Steam News
: The official source for the most recent patch notes, including the transition of Version 1.1 to the default branch. Official Raft Wiki
: An excellent resource for comparing current features with historical versions like the 1.01b beta. Raft Developer Blog (Steam)
: Provides a "behind-the-curtain" look at the creative vision and technical challenges of building the game. Further Exploration Read the full Version 1.1 Patch Notes What to watch for in the beta (tips and known caveats)
for a technical breakdown of cross-play and performance optimizations. Explore the Official Raft Wiki's Version History
to see how early beta fixes (like the "ESC" key binding) laid the groundwork for today's release. Check out the Reddit community's "Final Chapter" retrospective
to see how player feedback from the 1.0 release influenced the current 1.1 updates. technical troubleshooting for the new cross-play features or a list of new crafting recipes Update 1.01 - Official Raft Wiki
Navigating the vast, trash-filled ocean of Raft v1.1.01 Beta
(a pivotal update from the game's early development) can be tricky. This guide covers the essentials for thriving on your floating home. 🌊 Surviving the First Hour The Hook is Life:
The game starts with you on a 4x4 square raft. Throw your hook ahead of floating debris to catch plastic, planks, and palm leaves. Don't Thirst: Simple Purifier
. Fill the cup with saltwater, put it in the purifier with some planks, and wait for fresh water. Simple Meals: Simple Grill Fishing Rod
. Cook your fish before eating; raw fish will actually make you thirstier. Steam Community 🦈 Managing the Shark (Bruce) is your constant companion and primary threat. Defensive Spear: Wooden Spear
immediately. When the shark bites your raft, 3–4 stabs will make it let go. Counter-Attack:
You can prevent damage by timing a spear thrust just as the shark opens its mouth to charge you. Bait Strategy: Shark Bait
(made from raw fish) to distract it for about 5 minutes while you dive for materials near islands. 🛠️ Crafting and Expansion The Building Hammer:
Use this tool to expand your raft. Avoid building important machines on the edge, as the shark can destroy those squares. Research Table:
This is the heart of progression. Place any new material (like scrap or iron ore) into the table to unlock advanced blueprints. Collection Nets:
Place these in a line or "L" shape on your raft. They automatically catch floating debris, allowing you to focus on building rather than hooking. 🧭 Navigation and Story The Streamer: This simple flag shows you the wind direction. Align your
with the streamer to move faster or stay in the "trash stream". Radio and Receiver: To progress the storyline, you'll eventually need a
. Entering codes found in the world will lead you to story locations like the Radio Station. Steam Community 💡 Pro Tips for v1.1.01 Rain is Free Water:
Rain will automatically water your crop plots, saving you precious fresh water for drinking. Don't Overbuild:
A giant "mansion" raft consumes huge amounts of wood and plastic. Keep it functional until you have consistent resource income. The "Secret" Loot: The rarest item in the game is the Golden Toy Robot
, which can only be found by digging up safes while treasure hunting. Steam Community farm animals like llamas and goats for late-game resources? Full Comprehensive Guide to Raft! - Steam Community 5 Jul 2018 —
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: A Comprehensive Update on the Survival Game
The world of survival games has witnessed a significant addition with the release of Raft, a game that has captured the attention of gamers worldwide with its unique blend of exploration, crafting, and survival mechanics. Developed by Redbeard Game Studios, Raft has been in early access for some time now, and the latest update, Raft v1.1.01 Beta, brings a plethora of new features, improvements, and bug fixes to the game. In this article, we will delve into the details of this update and what it means for the future of Raft.
What's New in Raft v1.1.01 Beta?
The Raft v1.1.01 Beta update is a significant step forward for the game, introducing a range of new features and improvements that enhance the overall gameplay experience. Some of the key highlights of this update include:
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: A More Polished Experience
The Raft v1.1.01 Beta update is not just about adding new features; it's also about refining the overall gameplay experience. The developers have listened to player feedback and addressed several issues that have been plaguing the game since its early access release. Some of the notable improvements include:
The Future of Raft
The Raft v1.1.01 Beta update is a significant milestone in the game's development, and it sets the stage for future updates and expansions. The developers have a clear vision for the game, and they are committed to delivering a world-class survival experience.
In the coming months, players can expect to see more updates, including new features, biomes, and gameplay mechanics. The developers are also working on a multiplayer mode, which will allow players to join or create servers and play with friends.
Conclusion
The Raft v1.1.01 Beta update is a major step forward for the game, and it's an exciting time for players. With new features, improvements, and bug fixes, the game is now more engaging and challenging than ever. Whether you're a seasoned player or new to Raft, this update is definitely worth checking out.
As the game continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more exciting developments in the future. With its dedicated community and active development team, Raft is poised to become one of the top survival games on the market.
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: System Requirements
Before diving into the game, make sure your system meets the minimum requirements:
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: How to Download and Play
To download and play Raft v1.1.01 Beta, follow these steps:
Raft v1.1.01 Beta: Community Feedback
The Raft community has been actively providing feedback and suggestions, and the developers are committed to listening and responding to player concerns. If you have any feedback or issues, be sure to share them on the game's forums or social media channels.
In conclusion, the Raft v1.1.01 Beta update is a significant milestone in the game's development, and it's an exciting time for players. With its new features, improvements, and bug fixes, the game is now more engaging and challenging than ever. Whether you're a seasoned player or new to Raft, this update is definitely worth checking out.
v1.1.01 Beta is a significant update for the ocean survival game, primarily focusing on enabling cross-play and adding official console support for Xbox and PlayStation. This update transitions features from the experimental Beta Branch to the default version of the game. Key Features & Changes
Cross-Play Support: PC players can now officially host or join sessions with players on Xbox Series X/S and PlayStation 5.
Full Controller Support: The game now includes native layouts for controllers, improving the experience for both console and PC gamepad users.
In-Game Voice Chat: A new communication system allows players to chat directly within the game without needing third-party software.
Performance Optimization: Code overhauls were implemented to ensure the game runs smoothly across different hardware and platforms.
Bug Fixes & QoL: Includes various quality-of-life improvements and fixes for network desync issues found in earlier versions. How to Access the Beta Branch
If you are on PC and want to test upcoming fixes or specific beta features before they hit the main branch, follow these steps in Steam: Right-click Raft in your Library and select Properties. Navigate to the Betas tab on the left panel. Select "beta" from the Beta Participation drop-down menu. Restart Steam to trigger the update download. Version History Comparison Major Focus Notable Addition 1.0 (The Final Chapter) Story Conclusion Utopia, New Characters, New Islands 1.01 (Legacy Update) Keybinding for "ESC", creative mode fixes 1.1.0x (Beta) Connectivity Cross-play, Voice Chat, Console Support Raft - Raft - Update 1.01 - Steam News. Update 1.01 - Official Raft Wiki
Here are a few options for text regarding "Raft v1.1.01 Beta", depending on where you intend to use it (e.g., a changelog, a forum announcement, or a nostalgic retrospective).